1.juutalaisten kirjanoppineiden 600–900-luvulla laatima heprealaisen Raamatun tekstikriittinen huomautus- ja selityskokoelma
1.a vast body of textual criticism of the Hebrew Scriptures including notes on features of writing and on the occurrence of certain words and on variant sources and instructions for pronunciation and other comments that were written between AD 600 and 900 by Jewish scribes in the margins or at the end of texts